What are the northern lights?

What are northern lights?

The northern lights, one of several astronomical phenomena called polar lights (aurora polaris), are shafts or curtains of colored light visible on occasion in the night sky.Polar lights (aurora polaris) are a natural phenomenon found in both the northern and southern hemispheres that can be truly awe inspiring. Northern lights are also called by their scientific name, aurora borealis, and southern lights are called aurora australis.Sten Odenwald, author of The 23rd Cycle: learning to live with a stormy star (New York, Columbia University Press, c2001), provides insight into how northern lights are generated:

The origin of the aurora begins on the surface of the sun when solar activity ejects a cloud of gas. Scientists call this a coronal mass ejection (CME). If one of these reaches earth, taking about 2 to 3 days, it collides with the Earth’s magnetic field. This field is invisible, and if you could see its shape, it would make Earth look like a comet with a long magnetic ‘tail’ stretching a million miles behind Earth in the opposite direction of the sun.When a coronal mass ejection collides with the magnetic field, it causes complex changes to happen to the magnetic tail region. These changes generate currents of charged particles, which then flow along lines of magnetic force into the Polar Regions. 

These particles are boosted in energy in Earth’s upper atmosphere, and when they collide with oxygen and nitrogen atoms, they produce dazzling auroral light.Odenwald further tells us “Aurora are beautiful, but the invisible flows of particles and magnetism that go on at the same time can damage our electrical power grid and satellites operating in space. This is why scientists are so keen to understand the physics of aurora and solar storms, so we can predict when our technologies may be affected.Can I see them anywhere?Yes, although they are more frequent at higher latitudes and places like Alaska, Canada, and Antarctica, closer to the Earth’s poles. 

Occasionally, they have been seen closer to the equator, and even as far  south as Mexico. To view them, look in the direction of the closest pole (the northern horizon in the northern hemisphere, the southern horizon in the southern hemisphere).

Can I see them at any time of the year?

Yes. In some areas, such as Alaska or Greenland, they may be visible most nights of the year. And they occur at any time of the day, but we can’t see them with the naked eye unless it’s dark.

What causes the colors and patterns?Colors and patterns are from the types of ions or atoms being energized as they collide with the atmosphere and are affected by lines of magnetic force. Displays may take many forms, including rippling curtains, pulsating globs, traveling pulses, or steady glows. Altitude affects the colors. Blue violet/reds occur below 60 miles (100 km), with bright green strongest between 60-150 miles (100-240 km). Above 150 miles (240 km) ruby reds appear.

Fun Facts about northern lights.According to Neil Bone (The Aurora: sun-earth interactions, 1996), the term aurora borealis–northern dawn–is jointly credited to have first been used by Pierre Gassendi (1592-1655) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), who both witnessed a light display on Sept. 12, 1621. However, Bone also includes a description of the northern lights made 1,000 years prior by Gregory of Tours (538-594.) It included the phrase, “… so bright that you might have thought that day was about to dawn.

Auroras have been observed since ancient times.The height of the displays can occur up to 1000 km (620 miles), although most are between 80-120 km.Auroras tend to be more frequent and spectacular during high solar sunspot activity, which cycles over approximately eleven years.Some displays are particularly spectacular and widespread and have been highlighted in news accounts. Examples include auroral storms of August-September, 1859, Feb 11, 1958, (lights 1250 miles wide circled the Arctic from Oregon to New Hampshire) and March 13, 1989, (the whole sky turned a vivid red and the aurora was seen in Europe and North America as far south as Cuba).

Legends abound in northern cultures to explain the northern lights. Some North American Inuit call the aurora aqsarniit (“football players”) and say the spirits of the dead are playing football with the head of a walrus. Often legends warn children that the lights might come down and snatch them away.

June 1896, Norwegian Kristian Birkeland, the “father of modern auroral science,” suggested the theory that electrons from sunspots triggered auroras.

Yellowknife (Northwest Territories, Canada) is the capital for aurora tourism.The earliest known account of northern lights appears to be from a Babylonian clay tablet from observations made by the official astronomers of King Nebuchadnezzar II, 568/567 BC.Some people claim to hear noises associated with the northern lights, but documenting this phenomenon has been difficult.Northern Lights, Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska. The Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, shines above Bear Lake. The lights are the result of solar particles colliding with gases in Earth’s atmosphere. 

Early Eskimos and Indians believed different legends about the Northern Lights, such as that they were the souls of animals dancing in the sky or the souls of fallen enemies trying to rise again

North light seen today 05.11.2024

Enjoy looking at the images.

Source: Loc.gov

 

Approaches to Confirm the Trustworthiness of a Website

 a good indicator of a secure website, but it's not foolproof. To further verify a website's legitimacy, you can investigate its SSL certificate. Look for a padlock icon in the address bar, indicating that the website has a valid SSL certificate. You can click on the padlock icon to view more details about the certificate. Pay attention to the information provided, such as the issuer and expiration date. If the certificate seems suspicious or doesn't match the website you're visiting, it could be a sign of a scam.

 1.Check the website for poor grammar or spelling

Scammers often make mistakes in their content, so be on the lookout for poor grammar or spelling errors on the website. Legitimate websites usually have professional and well-written content, while scam websites may have obvious mistakes. If you notice multiple errors or sentences that don't make sense, it's a red flag that the website may not be trustworthy.

2. Verify the domain

Take a closer look at the domain name of the website. Scammers may use slight variations or misspellings of popular domains to trick users. For example, instead of "amazon.com," they might use "amaz0n.com" or "amaz0n-deals.com." Always double-check the domain to ensure it matches the legitimate website you intend to visit.

 3.Check the contact page

Legitimate websites usually provide clear and accessible contact information. Look for a contact page or section on the website and verify if it includes a physical address, phone number, and email address. If the website lacks any contact information or only provides generic email addresses like Gmail or Yahoo, it could be a sign of a scam.

 4.Look up and review the company's social media presence

Search for the company or website on social media platforms and review their presence. Legitimate businesses often have active social media accounts with regular updates and engagement with customers. Check for verified accounts, a significant number of followers, and positive reviews or feedback from other users. If the website has no social media presence or the accounts seem suspicious or inactive, it's worth being cautious.

5.Check for the website's privacy policy

Legitimate websites typically have a privacy policy that outlines how they handle and protect user data. Look for a link to the privacy policy, usually located in the footer or at the bottom of the website. Take the time to read through the policy and ensure it aligns with your expectations. If the website lacks a privacy policy or the policy raises concerns about data handling, it's advisable to avoid sharing personal information.

6.Look for questionable links within an email

a .Take caution when examining links in emails, as scammers may not only try to direct you to a fake website, but also prompt you to click another link within that site. This secondary link could potentially contain malware or request your personal information, so it's important to be vigilant. b. It is generally advisable to be skeptical of links in text messages or emails that you were not anticipating. To ensure that you are not being redirected to a fraudulent website, always visit the official website directly. It can be helpful to do this on a separate device so that you can compare the legitimacy of the sites. c While many legitimate companies communicate digitally, it is important to note that updating or providing personal information should typically require a sign-in or some form of verification. If you receive an email with a link from a company you do not do business with, such as PayPal when you have never had an account, exercise caution and refrain from clicking on the link. d. Providing sensitive information on illegitimate websites can have serious consequences, including identity theft. It is crucial to be aware of the potential risks and avoid sharing personal data on suspicious or untrustworthy websites. e. If you have any doubts or suspicions about a website's authenticity, it is advisable to leave the site. Online thieves are becoming increasingly adept at creating deceptive websites and sending fraudulent emails and text messages. Even if a website appears polished at first glance, be cautious and consider leaving if anything seems off. Look out for errors, misspellings, or inconsistencies in the site's content or web address. f. Remember to keep the above tips in mind when practicing credit card safety. It is important to be proactive in protecting your financial information and to choose a credit card that suits your needs and offers appropriate security measures.

Summary: 

 Discovering the authenticity of a website is an essential task. To ensure you are dealing with a genuine website, there are several steps you can take. Firstly, examine the website's URL carefully. Legitimate websites often have a secure connection indicated by "https" at the beginning of the URL, along with a padlock symbol. Secondly, verify the website's contact information, such as a physical address and phone number. Reputable websites usually provide this information to establish trust. Additionally, you can search for reviews or feedback from other users to gauge the website's credibility. Lastly, be cautious of websites that request sensitive information or seem too good to be true. Trust your instincts and exercise caution when navigating the online realm.

Source: Google